Software Component

The notion of changing software development from laboriously crafting code to building powerful systems by simple assembly of components has been a target since I entered our profession. It's target that is sometimes glimpsed, but never really attained - although many technologies have dangled the carrot of industrial reuse.

When we talk about software components, often the hardest step is to talk about what they are. My favorite definition is still this one

Components are not a technology. Technology people seem to find this hard to understand. Components are about how customers want to relate to software. They want to be able to buy their software a piece at a time, and to be able to upgrade it just like they can upgrade their stereo. They want new pieces to work seamlessly with their old pieces, and to be able to upgrade on their own schedule, not the manufacturer’s schedule. They want to be able to mix and match pieces from various manufacturers. This is a very reasonable requirement. It is just hard to satisfy

-- Ralph Johnson

I summarize this as saying that software components are things that are independently replaceable and upgradeable.

I look as components today as coming in two guises: libraries and services. A library consists of some code that is linked into a process at runtime, becoming part of the client process. Examples would include Java's jars, C#'s assemblies, Ruby's gems, and Javascript's modules. To be a proper component, the library user should retain the decision of when and whether to upgrade supplier libraries. So if I choose to use a 6 month out-of-date version of library, that's up to me.

A service is a component that exists in its own process, [1] clients talk to it over some interprocess communication mechanism: RPC, RESTful calls over HTTP, messaging, etc. Services may upgrade on their own timetable, without coordinating with clients, but to do this they must preserve their existing client contracts, so the client may choose when to upgrade their use of the service. For services to be components, you should never need to coordinate the upgrade of one service with another service.

I consider a component as a particular form of module. I define modules as a division of a software system that allows us to modify a system by only understanding some well-defined subsets of it - modules being those well-defined subsets. Components are a form of module, with the additional property of independent replacement.